Lexical Markup Framework (LMF)
LMF is the ISO standard for Natural Language Processing (NLP)
lexicons and Machine Readable Dictionaries (MRD). The ISO code number
for LMF is ISO-24613:2008.
LMF has been developed under the aegis of TC37/SC4 by Gil
Francopoulo and Monte George as editors and with Nicoletta Calzolari as
convenor. We particularly thank the 60 colleagues that helped us.
LMF combines the best designs and methods from many existing NLP
lexicons. The first step in developing LMF was to design an overall
framework based on the general features of existing lexicons and to
develop a consistent terminology to describe the components of those
lexicons. The next step was the actual design of a comprehensive model
that best represented all of the lexicons in detail. A large panel of
experts contributed a wide range of requirements for LMF that covered
many types of NLP lexicons. The editors of LMF worked closely with the
panel of experts to identify the best solutions and reach a concensus
on the design of LMF. Special attention was paid to the morphology in
order to provide powerful mechanisms for handling problems in several
languages that were known as difficult to handle. After 5 years of
work, including numerous face-to-face meetings and E-mail exchanges, we
arrived at a coherent UML model. In conclusion, LMF should be
considered a synthesis of the state of the art in NLP lexicon field.
There is a mailing list. To subscribe, please contact :
gil.francopoulo arobase wanadoo.fr
Here are some technical links:
- Short presentation: consult one of the wikipedia entries, in Chinese,
English,
French,
Italian,
Japanese,
Korean,
Spanish,
Thai.
- Extracts of LMF lexicons and test suites (mainly from the LIRICS
project):
- Data Category Registry:
- Some LMF publications:
A book on LMF:
New New
LMF: Lexical Markup Framework
Gil Francopoulo (ed) ISTE / WILEY
ISBN: 978-1-84821-430-9
Summary:
- LMF - Historical Context and Perspectives
Nicoletta Calzolari, Monica Monachini, Claudia Soria
- Model Description
Gil Francopoulo, Monte George
- LMF and the Data Category Registry: Principles and
Application
Menzo Windhouwer, Sue Ellen Wright
- Wordnet-LMF: A Standard Representation for Multilingual
Wordnets
Piek Vossen, Claudia Soria, Monica Monachini
- Prolmf: A Multilingual Dictionary of Proper Names and their
Relations
Denis Maurel, Béatrice Bouchou-Markhoff
- LMF for Arabic
Aida Khemakhem, Bilel Gargouri, Kais Haddar, Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou
- LMF for a Selection of African Languages
Chantal Enguehard, Mathieu Mangeot
- LMF and its Implementation in Some Asian Languages
Takenobu Tokunaga, Sophia Y M Lee, Virach Sornlertlamvanich, Kiyoaki
Shirai, Shu-Kai Hsieh, Chu-Ren Huang
- DUELME: Dutch Electronic Lexicon of Multiword Expressions
Jan Odijk
- UBY-LMF - Exploring the Boundaries of Language-Independent
Lexicon
Models
Judith Eckle-Kohler, Iryna Gurevych, Silvana Hartmann, Michael
Matuschek, Christian M Meyer
- Conversion of Lexicon-Grammar Tables to LMF: Application to
French
Eric Laporte, Elsa Tolone, Matthieu Constant
- Collaborative Tools: From Wikitionary to LMF, for
Synchronic and
Diachronic Language Data
Thierry Declerck, Pirsoka Lendvai, Karlheinz Mörth
- LMF Experiments on Format Conversions for Resource Merging:
Converters
and Problems
Marta Villegas, Muntsa Padro, Nuria Bel
- LMF as a Foundation for Servicized Lexical Resources
Yoshihiko Hayashi, Monica Monachini, Bora Savas, Claudia Soria,
Nicoletta Calzolari
- Creating a Serialization of LMF: The Experience of the
RELISH Project
Menzo Windhouwer, Justin Petro, Irina Nevskaya, Sebastian Drude, Helen
Aristar-Dry, Jost Gippert
- Global Atlas: Proper Nouns, From Wikipedia to LMF
Gil Francopoulo, Frédéric Marcoul, David Causse, Grégory Piparo
- LMF in US Government Language Resource Management
Monte George
Up to date presentation of LMF:
- Francopoulo G., Bel N., George M., Calzolari M., Pet M., Soria C.
2008 Multilingual resources for NLP in the lexical markup framework
(LMF). Language Resources and Evaluation (revue) ISSN 1574-020X (print)
+ 1572-0218 (online) Springer Netherlands
Former presentation of LMF (obsolete content, now):
- Romary L., Salmon-Alt S., Francopoulo G. 2004 Standards going
concrete: from LMF to Morphalou. COLING lexical resources workshop.
Geneva.
Application of LMF:
- Baccar F., Khemakhem A., Gargouri B., Haddar K., Ben Hamadou A. 2008
Modélisation normalisée LMF des dictionnaires électroniques éditoriaux
de l'arabe. TALN, Avignon, France
- Ben Hamadou A., Gargouri B., 2007 Vers un dictionnaire électronique
unifié pour la langue arabe conforme aux normes ISO. Congrès des
experts des dictionnaires de la langue arabe. Damas, Syrie.
- Eckle-Kohler J., Gurevych I., Hartmann S., Matuschek M., Meyer C.
2012 UBY-LMF - A Uniform Model for Standardizing Heterogeneous
Lexical-Semantic Resources in ISO-LMF. LREC Istanbul
- Khemakhem A., Gargouri B., Abdelwahed A., Francopoulo G. 2007
Modélisation des paradigmes de flexion des verbes arabes selon la norme
LMF-ISO 24613. TALN, Toulouse, France
- Khemakhem A., Gargouri B., Abdelwahed A. 2006 LMF est-il convenable
pour la langue arabe ? JTALA, Rabat, Maroc
- Loukil N., Haddar K., Ben Hamadou A. 2007 Normalisation des lexiques
syntaxiques arabes. CITALA, Rabat, Maroc
- Monachini M., Quochi V., Ruimy N., Calzolari N. 2007 Lexical
Relations and Domain Knowledge: The BioLexicon Meets the Qualia
Structure. International Conference on Generative Approaches to the
Lexicon. Paris
- Monachini M., Quochi V., Del Gratta R., Calzolari N. 2007 Using LMF
to Shape a Lexicon for the Biomedical Domain. LangTech, Rome
- Quochi V., Monachini M., Del Gratta R., Calzolari N. 2008
A lexicon for biology and bioinformatics: the BOOTStrep experience.
LREC, Marrakech
- Toral A., Munoz R., Monachini M. 2008 Named Entity WordNet. LREC,
Marrakech
- Vossen P., Agirre E., Calzolari N., Fellbaum C., Hsieh SK., Huang
CR., Isahara H., Kanzaki K., Marchetti A., Monachini M., Neri F.,
Raffaelli R., Rigua G., Tescon M., VanGent J. 2008 KYOTO: a system for mining, structuring, and
distributing knowledge across languages and cultures LREC Marrakech
Tools
- Ben Abderrahmen M., Chaari F., Gargouri B., Jmail M. 2006 Des
services orientés besoin pour l'exploitation des bases lexicales
normalisées. MCSEAI, Agadir, Maroc
- Ben Abderrahmen M., Gargouri B., Jmail M. 2007 LMF-QL: a graphical
tool to query LMF databases. Language and Technology Conference.
Poznan, Poland
- Kemps-Snijders M., Wittenburg P. 2006 LEXUS - a web based tool for
manipulating lexical resources LREC, Genoa, Italy
Workshop: New New
-
Workshop Nov 2012: A shared LMF core for sign language
- Projects, companies, institutions, databases that use LMF
(alphabetical order):
Lirics (past European
project)
Nedo (project)
LMF-merger
(diploma thesis project by Michel Samia)
Nedo (project)
- Attempt to define LMF in RDF/OWL: